Privacy Statement |HealthMeasures | Vulnerability Disclosure Policy | NINDS CDE Accessibility Policy. Case Study: The Importance of Multiple Measures in Psychoeducational Evaluation, Video: WIAT-4 Introductory Overview Video, Video: WIAT-4 Automated Scoring of Essay Composition Overview, COVID Slide Not Evident in Individually Administered ClinicalTest Scores Obtained From a Large, Referred Sample, WIAT-4 telepractice guidance documents are provided here, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test | Fourth Edition, Standard, Classroom, & Experiential Licenses, View the Pricing & Ordering tab and open the Q-interactive section. The WISC-V takes 45 to 65 minutes to administer. These scores will indicate where a student might excel when in school. Easily build an ability-achievement battery by combining subtests from WIAT-4 with ability measures, such as the WISC-V. The Wechsler scales include three individually administered scales of intelligence. The WIAT-4 Dyslexia Index: Grades PK3 includes two subtests: This composite is available for students in Pre-kindergarten through Grade 3. Based on a student's math strengths and weaknesses, individualized strategies can be utilized to achieve academic success. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test | Fourth Edition: Dyslexia Index Choose from our products Kits Starter & complete kits, print & digital 1 option from $215.00 Test forms & reports Booklets, record forms, answer sheets, report usages & subscriptions 1 option from $59.40 Support materials If so, you are in luck because there is a test for that. The following training events are available for WIAT-4 Dyslexia Index Scores. Sentence composition The subject must take multiple sentences and combine them into a single sentence that maintains the meaning of the original sentences. Would you please email us at help@testingmom.com with the information that is incorrect? %PDF-1.3 Spelling and written expression are the sections in the written language area, and oral expression and listening comprehension are covered under the oral language area. Subject abilities are depicted using standard scores and percentile ranks. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article. WIAT-4 telepractice guidance documents are provided here. Report: It usually looks at three intelligence quotient (IQ) scores: verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full-scale IQ. So, if "good" is defined by above average, a score over 115 could be safely assumed to be above average. Updates to support EHCP, DSA and AA requirements, and best practice: New UK norms from 4:0 - 25:11 years; Upwards extension of UK norms to 25:11 years; Standard scores for all subtests; Comparisons with Wechsler ability scores WIAT-4 features new subtests and expanded scoring capabilities, including composites for Phonological Processing, Orthographic Processing, Writing Fluency, and an Orthographic Processing Extended Composite*. For example, 152.39= 152 and 155.59 = 156. Efficiently manage your WIAT-4 materials so you can focus on the examine, Files are organized in standard administration order when sorted alphabetically, Files that may be used for more than one item will be named accordingly (e.g., Item 08_09), Files are organized into subfolders, by section, to align with Phonemic Proficiency discontinuation rules, Files for the demonstration items appear first in each section's subfolder and are followed by the remaining items for that section listed in administration order. The Iowa Scale uses the child's IQ and out-of-level achievement test scores, along with dozens of other factors from size & age to school & parent support for acceleration, to determine . Students with lower scores on this subtest have weak reading-readiness skills and should continually be exposed to reading activities, such as having an adult read to them. The examiner is not permitted to read the target words for the examinee. Explore your full potential with more free intelligence tests at Free Intelligence Tests, Contact us | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Refund Policy. Subject abilities are depicted using standard scores and percentile ranks. Within the Oral Discourse Comprehension folder: Why does the Composite Structure section of the Record Form show the Essay Composition subtest for Grades 4-12+ but not for Grade 3? The test covers four basic parts and within those parts there are nine sub-tests. This fee-based, online, independent study curriculum consists of seven courses and is approximately 7.5 hours in length and is available for one year. Digital assets are available for remote administration of the WIAT-4. Part of Springer Nature. TestingMom.com has over 2,500 sample practice questions to help your child become familiar with and practice the types of questions administered on the WIAT-III. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-4) is the latest iteration of a popular instrument that psychologists employ to assess academic achievement. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test | Fourth Edition (WIAT-4) is an individually administered achievement test for use in a variety of clinical, education, and research settings. This approval level enables you to buy our assessments requiring A or B qualification levels. It is currently in its fourth edition (WAIS-IV) released in 2008 by Pearson, and is the most . The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) is an IQ test that is given by psychologists and measures global intellectual functioning. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Scores in each of these domains are then combined to provide an overall achievement sore. These changes will come into effect in early November 2022. The current version of the Wechsler, the WISC-IV, is a strong test for verbally gifted children, with emphasis on knowledge gained from reading. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test Second Edition (WIAT-II) is a comprehensive test designed to assess academic achievement. The WIAT III includes the following sub-tests and observations: The WIAT is commonly used in clinical psycho-educational and neuropsychological evaluations and in research across populations. stream Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This may adversely affect all areas of academics. All rights reserved. The WIAT-II is an achievement test for individuals ages four through adulthood. Age ranges are represented by the year number of the child followed by how many months after . Typing is a skill that not all examinees have acquired. Applied Psychology and Counselor Education, University of Northern Colorado, McKee 248, Box 131, 80631, Greeley, CO, USA, You can also search for this author in Spelling The subject spells specific words from sentences that are dictated to them. Earn money by contributing to product development, Booklets, record forms, answer sheets, report usages & subscriptions, Manuals, stimulus books, replacement items & other materials. This is the second reading subtest on the WIAT-III and can be administered to students in first through twelfth grades. M'qn5! This approval level enables you to buy our assessments that require no professional degree, accreditation, organization membership, or license/certificate. This is the first math subtest on the WIAT-III and can be administered to students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. This is the first reading subtest on the WIAT-III and can be administered to students in kindergarten through second grade. Please visit our International Contacts Page to find where you can order from. The WIAT-III is suitable for use in a variety of clinical, educational, and research settings, including schools, clinics, private practices, and residential treatment facilities. The average score, like the other Wechsler tests, is 100, with a standard deviation of 15. Administration: Paper-and-pencil or online administration. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Superior scores range from 120 to 129 and anything over 130 is considered Very Superior. Based on a student's reading strengths and weaknesses, individualized strategies can be utilized to achieve academic success. The test was developed to assist in identification of students with learning disabilities. Reading comprehension The subject reads short passages and answers open-ended questions. It provides detailed guidance for the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the WIAT-4. Achievement testing must be administered and interpreted by qualified individuals, such as the school psychologist. Students who perform poorly on this subtest need to practice and further develop basic math skills. The test provides three scores: a Verbal IQ, Nonverbal IQ, and overall IQ composite. Essays must have a minimum word count of 30 to be scored; however, at least 40 words is recommended. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology pp 26812682Cite as. Two Dyslexia Index scores are provided for the WIAT-4: These Dyslexia Index scores are obtained by administering two or three subtests, respectively, from the WIAT-4. We will update you as soon as the item is back in our stock. A patented technology based on over twenty years of research and development, IEA has been proven to score written essays as accurately as trained human scorers. This 6-hour session covers the administration and scoring of the WAIT-4 subtests and basic interpretation of the results. WIAT test scoring (Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition) is based on several derivations of status scores and growth scores. East, 100 E. Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA, 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, Johnson, K.L. A complete guide is included for To strengthen this area, students should practice reading skills while periodically stopping to check for understanding of text. % The average score, like the other Wechsler tests, is 100, with a standard deviation of 15. 4 0 obj This test is used to identify learning problems and individual strengths and weaknesses. However, an examination of 295 Wechsler protocols completed by graduate students and practicing school psychologists revealed that errors are the norm, not the exception. This one-hour webinar describes the changes from the WIAT-III to the WIAT-4; identify subtests and composites new to the WIAT-4; and discuss how professional. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. You may also call Customer Support at 1-800-627-7271. score will be expected within the specific interval given. Finally, though the above scores are the main scores that everyone looks for, there are also other scores that will be given with the results of the WIAT. To use the hour efficiently, participants may submit questions in advance. Subtests within the reading domain include Word Reading, Reading Comprehension, and Pseudoword Decoding, and measure phonological awareness, letter-sound awareness, automaticity of word recognition, and fluency of reading. . To get started with all of the WIAT testing material offered by Testing Mom, check out our 100 Free Questions. WIAT-4 featuresnewsubtests andexpandedscoring capabilities, including composites for Phonological Processing, Orthographic Processing, Writing Fluency, and an Orthographic Processing Extended Composite*. disabilities with the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) and the Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery-Revised Tests of Achievement (WJ-R). Examiners should not attempt to score essays that are written in a language other than English, incomprehensible essays (e.g., essays with a high number of severely misspelled words), or essays that are completely off topic (i.e., the examinee did not follow the instructions). Questions? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Fall, Winter, and Spring grade-based standard scores, age-based standard scores, percentile ranks, stanines, NCEs, age and grade equivalents, and growth scale values. On-demand training is accessedvia a welcome email sent to the email address associated with the order. Suitable for use in a multitude of settings and available to a wide array of professionals, the newest edition of the WIAT . Never fear, the WIAT-4 cutout characters are here! Any child might score slightly higher or lower if tested again on a . 2023 GeniusTests.com. We present Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and numerous ebook collections from fictions to scientific research in any way. When calculating the Oral Reading Fluency raw score by hand, should a raw score with a decimal be rounded? Typical Items in an Individual Intelligence Test, 213. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The IEA assigns a score based in part on the similarity of the essay to the training set. . The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-III (WIAT-III) is a standardized academic achievement test used to measure previously learned knowledge in the areas of Reading, Written Language, Mathematics, and Oral Language. Suitable for use in a multitude of settings and available to a wide array of professionals, the newest edition of the WIAT has some exciting updates to help you identify what support they need to achieve more. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children | Fifth Edition, Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement | Third Edition: Dyslexia Index. The "Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Second Edition" (WIAT-II) was published by Pearson in 2005. Similarly to the WISC an average score is 100, above this average indicates . Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (2 -89) Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-IV (6 to 16-11) Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement(3 - 25) Average scores Achievements tests measure academic abilities, such as reading, writing, mathematics, and language. The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT) is, as the name suggests, a short assessment designed to measure intelligence. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test assesses achievement in students in grades K-12, with subtests in reading, mathematics reasoning, spelling, reading comprehension, numerical operations, listening comprehension, oral expression, and written expression. @#w 0HD&:jTI v[t )~EM7=P0 **(z [-kp!Dep|)e @$Do]>i8dLQG_8n1ZC0re(Fu*qUI,Fb/n $, -%y1J1d%*( B@}&%sGdN)$qlnW&YW?F#)`WQi(\ {9Cw@|_ |B5C6iv1i+Rt5-ZvB 4F1?>P^2@JVOK;U o HlACr %\R9HB\]_|mV3Y~a6c"Z$i! 2023 GeniusTests.com. For example, a standard score on an IQ test of 100 is average, but a standard score on a test of reading of 80 is below average (assuming they both have a standard deviation of 15). All Rights Reserved. jn09!NqB\BB7 } %PDF-1.3 The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition (WIAT-III; Wechsler) Administration time varies depending on the age of the examinee and the number of subtests administered, but the test usually takes 45 minutes to complete for children in kindergarten or prekindergarten, 90 minutes for grades 1 through 6, and approximately 90 to 120 . Yes, these data will publish with the upcoming WAIS-V. At the time of the WIAT-4 development, WAIS-V was also in development so the decision was made to complete the validity study using both new versions. Oral expression The subject has to verbalize the concepts of pictures they are shown and says words from given categories and repeats sentences. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - 3rd Edition . The WIAT-4/WAIS-V validity study was planned for a release with both new measures at approximately the same time. Those who perform poorly on this subtest either have a difficult time quickly completing math tasks or their basic math skills are lacking. This is given in a percentage and shows how the test taker scored against his or her peers. In 10 to 20 minutes or less, practitioners can obtain a Dyslexia Index score to screen for dyslexia and identify individuals who may benefit from a comprehensive evaluation or a more intensive intervention approach. The skills tested are listed below: Reading: Word Reading Reading Comprehension Pseudoword Decoding Mathematics: Numerical Operations Mathematics Reasoning An individual with a composite score of 118 on the Wechsler scales would have level of intelligence classified as. Other scores are the Age Equivalent and Grade Equivalent scores. The data collection for the WIAT-4/WPPSI-IV validity study was put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tell us about your experiences with this test. The Word Reading subtest assesses a students ability to read familiar and unfamiliar words. Those batteries are: The WJ IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Third Edition (KTEA-3) Brief Form Wechsler Individual Achievement Test , Third Edition (WIAT -III) KTEA-3 teaching objectives and intervention statements WIAT-III intervention goal statements Growth Scale Value (GSV) Scores Dyslexia index scores from the KTEA-3 and WIAT-III Wechsler Individual Achievement Test- Third Edition (WIAT-III)where is the IQ in composite scores, Total Reading SScore 81 10%Basic Reading SScore 83 13%Comprehension SScore 81 10%Written Expression SScore 81 10%Mathematics SScore 92 30%. A Pearson expert will meet with participants to address follow-up questions and support specific assessment-related needs. Fall, Winter, and Spring grade-based standard scores, age-based standard scores, percentile ranks, stanines, NCEs, age and grade equivalents, and growth scale values. The Iowa Acceleration Scale is not a test, it is a way to interpret the tests and other information that is known about a candidate for full grade acceleration. The WJ IV Tests of Achievement. The IEA scoring engine assesses the grammar/syntax and the mechanics of the transcribed essay. (WIAT-II), The Psychological Corporation, 2001. For example, if a student missed every problem dealing with money, he needs to repeatedly review currency amounts. The Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) is the most recent version. When the WIAT is scored, there will be a set of numbers that will be given to the test taker. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. This approval level enables you to buy all our assessments. Select a question below to see the response. Math problem-solving This subtest includes math problems related to basic skills and everyday applications. Participants will learn how to configure and set up the iPads, create examinees and assessment batteries, assign assessment batteries, administer subtests, and generate score reports. '|?q8}uB;V!SP If you have any questions about the scores or results, contact the examiner. Tutoring: 813-544-3833 Website: 877-609-6203, Or login with Amazon, Facebook, or Google. Therefore, students with lower scores on this subtest either suffer from weak reading skills in general or have a difficult time with comprehension. Suitable for use in a multitude of settings and available to a wide array of professionals, the newest edition of the WIAT has some exciting updates to help you identify what support they need to achieve more. She contributes to numerous psycho-educational evaluation reports. Essay Composition can be administered at Grade 3, but this subtest is not included in the Written Expression composite until Grade 4. - Indicates a subtest with multiple raw scores (shown in the Subtest Component Score Summary). The WIAT-III was designed for subjects between the ages of 4 to 50 years and 11 months. On the other hand, a student who did well on Word Reading but poorly on Pseudoword Decoding is most likely able to remember sight-words but have difficulty with phonics skills. For example, you will likely see a score labeled Percentile Ranking, or PR. Uses and Characteristics of Individual Cognitive Ability Tests, 211. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. A description of each test, scores reported in Standard Scores (SS) and Percentile Rank . There are some minor differences between the WIAT in the US compared to the UK. A sounds like aahh), beginning and ending sounds (i.e. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - Third Edition (WIAT-III; Wechsler, 2009) is an individually-administered, norm-referenced test for comprehensively assessing the achievement of children, adolescents, college students, and adults ages 4 through 50 years, 11 months. *Cost per usage between $.66 and $.88 depending on volume discounts. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-III Reading Subtests Early Reading Skills (PK-3rd) Word Reading (1st +) Pseudoword Decoding (1st +) Reading Comprehension (1st +) Oral Reading Fluency (1st +) Mathematics Subtests Numerical Operations (K +) Math Problem Solving Math Fluency Subtests Addition (1st +) Subtraction (1st +) Multiplication (3rd +) These scores can help to identify areas where a student may struggle. Privacy Protected - We do not sell or share your information with anyone. Scores between 90-109 are typically the Average range and consist of the level of skills acquired by most children. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, or WIAT, is a test that measures a person's intelligence. ; Validity: Not all experts agree on a standard definition of intelligence, so not all IQ tests measure the same things. One of the most common tests used is the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test: Third Edition (WIAT-III). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test | Fourth Edition Choose from our products Kits Starter & complete kits, print & digital 3 options from $513.00 Test forms & reports Booklets, record forms, answer sheets, report usages & subscriptions 7 options from $2.70 Support materials Manuals, stimulus books, replacement items & other materials 6 options Abstract: The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-4) is the latest iteration of a popular instrument that psychologists employ to assess academic achievement. Identify academic strengths and weaknesses of a student. Top mental health tools all in one place. Applied Neuropsychology. Get the latest public health information from CDC, Get the latest research information from NIH, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy/Becker Muscular Dystrophy, Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Includes WIAT-4 Print Kit [Administration Manual (Print), Scoring Manual (Print), Stimulus Book (Print), Oral Reading Fluency Booklet (Print), USB drive w/ Digital Resources (Technical Manual with Norms, Audio Files, Progress Monitoring Assistant), 25 Record Forms (Print), 25 Response Booklets (Print), and soft case]; WIAT-4 Q-global Kit [Administration Manual (Digital), Stimulus Book (Digital), Oral Reading Fluency Booklet (Digital), Technical Manual w/ Norms (Digital), Scoring Manual (Digital)]; and 1-year Q-global scoring subscription. The included Dyslexia Index Scores support efficient, reliable screening. She received her Bachelors of Arts in psychology as well as her Master of Science and Education Specialist Certification in school psychology from the California University of Pennsylvania. Phone: +1 (800) 627-7271 These are the third and fourth reading subtests on the WIAT-III and can be administered to students in first through twelfth grades. On-demand training is accessed via a welcome email sent to the email address associated with the order. Illegible words should be clarified following the guidelines provided in the manual. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - 2nd Edition (WIAT-II) - SUPERSEDED October 9, 2018 Commercial Test Admin Wechsler Fundamentals: Academic Skills - Canadian (WF: AScdn) Body Esteem Scale for Children/Adolescents and Adults Search the PRC Search site search button LINKS Test Reservations / YUPC Loans Department of Psychology Staff Login This approval level enables you to buy all our assessments. So, if good is defined by above average, a score over 115 could be safely assumed to be above average. Thus, he would benefit from explicit phonics instruction, including letter-sound awareness. It generates a Full Scale IQ (formerly known as an intelligence quotient or IQ score) that represents a child's general . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The Numerical Operations subtest assesses an individuals ability to complete computations involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. that psychologists wishing to interpret WIAT-4 composite scores limit those interpretations to just a few in the mathematics and reading domains. It includes both verbal and nonverbal components. Numerical operations The subject solves untimed written problems covering basic numerical skills, integers, geometry, algebra, and calculus. The Stimulus Book and Manual are view-only digital files; the Audio Files are downloadable. Historical Introduction, 215. Results obtained from the WIAT-III can be used to: a. The presenter will describe the WIAT-4 relative to its predecessor (WIATIII) focusing on updated norms, new subtests and composites, revised subtests with new items and improved content coverage, updated artwork, and modifications to administration and scoring procedures. This article reviews the administrative, scoring, and psychometric properties of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Fourth Edition (WIAT-4, NCS Pearson, 2020). Are there special considerations for interpreting WIAT-4 results with students who struggled to learn virtually during the pandemic? Interpret the Early Reading Skills subtest using standard scores and percentile ranks. The WISC-IV can be used with individuals aged 6-16 and contains normative tables for this age group [ 1 ]. The assessment is individually administered, meaning that each person needs to be assessed individually (i.e., not in a group). Generalize the reading scores to the classroom. The Math Fluency subtests assess an individual's speed and accuracy in completing simple math problems. A single score such as the Dyslexia Index is not sufficient to diagnose dyslexia. Mispronouncing, omitting, and/or adding words lower the score. For all official Wechsler materials, visits Pearson Clinical. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test Second Edition (WIAT-II; Wechsler, 2005) assesses the academic achievement of children, adolescents, college students and adults, aged 4 through 85. The WISC-V Integrated applies principles of the "process approach" to test hypotheses about why an examinee obtained low scores on WISC-V subtests. The audio files are complete; however, some multimedia applications trim slightly into a track to allow smooth transitions. We are unable to identify your country location. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Fourth Edition (WIAT-4), coming fall 2020, expands upon the . Weschsler's Concept of Intelligence, 216. This subtest contains graphs, charts, units of measurement, and pictures to aid in problem solving. Like other standardized tests, achievement tests have also been normed with a standardized sample of children of all ages to develop a range of typical scores. Kelly Crawford began writing in 2007. When interpreting the WIAT-III, you must understand what each subtest assesses, especially the reading and math. The test was revised first in 2005 as the Wechsler Individual Assessment Test Second Edition (WIAT-II) and again in 2009 to the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test Third Edition (WIAT-III) which is still in use as of 2018. Multiplication math fluency The subject has a sixty-second-time limit to solve written multiplication problems. Reports include Score Summary, subtest Comparisons, Achievement/Ability Comparisons; Parent report available. The addition and subtraction sections can be administered to students in first through twelfth grades, while the multiplication section is for third through twelfth grades. Fax: +1 (800) 232-1223, Digital Assessment Library for Schools (K-12), Digital Assessment Library for Universities, Guidance on using this test in your telepractice. This approval level enables you to buy our assessments that require no professional degree, accreditation, organization membership, or license/certificate. Top mental health tools all in one place. Phone: +1 (800) 627-7271 1 Indicates a raw score that is converted to a weighted raw score (not shown). For score interpretation on the WIAT I would recommend reaching out to the psychologist that administered the test. Children and adolescents are often given the WIAT in order to identify areas where they may struggle or excel at in school. The WISC-IV is an individually administered assessment containing fifteen subtests that provide a comprehensive assessment of intellectual ability. The KTEA-3 is also well correlated with other standardized achievement tests including the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and the Standford Achievement Test. Scores/Interpretation: Fall, Winter, and Spring grade-based standard scores, age-based standard scores, percentile ranks, stanines, NCEs, age and grade equivalents, and growth scale values. What's A Good Score On The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Addition math fluency The subject has a sixty-second-time limit to solve written addition problems. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test III (WIAT-III) are trademarks of Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliate(s), or their licensors. Children's reading and math skills were examined using subtests from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition (WIAT-III; Smith, 2001) and the Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement . The WIAT-4 subtests will be used to demonstrate features, functionalities, and workflow of the platform.